# Signal Atlas

> Is 6G coming, is it safe, and what’s near you? Every answer graded by its evidence. Plain, source-linked answers for Canadians on when 6G is coming, how its radio waves meet the body, and which of 23,397 licensed cell sites in 17 Canadian cities are near you.

Every statement links to a public source and carries an evidence label: real today, designed, forecast, disputed or not supported. Numbers the site estimates itself, such as Canada's 6G window (2030–2031) and which cell sites look closest to 6G, are labelled as estimates. Cell-site data comes from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) licence filings, downloaded from ISED's public Spectrum Management System data page.

## The three questions

- [Is 6G coming? Yes. Around 2030.](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/when): When is 6G coming? Around 2030: first 3GPP specs by early 2029, first networks forecast for late 2029–2030, and Canada about 2030–2031 (our estimate).
- [Is it safe? How 6G works, and what its waves do to the body](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/safe): Is 6G safe? Heating is the only established effect of radio waves on the body, and limits sit 10 times below it. Early 6G isn’t terahertz. Graded evidence.
- [What’s near me? Licensed cell sites in 17 Canadian cities](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me): 23,397 licensed cell sites mapped in 17 Canadian cities from federal ISED filings: towers, rooftops and small cells. 63% carry 5G. Pick your city.

## Cell sites by city

- [5G and cell towers in the Greater Toronto Area: 5,538 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/toronto): 5,538 licensed cell sites mapped in the Greater Toronto Area from federal ISED filings: 3,548 carry 5G (64%) and 1,886 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in Greater Montréal: 3,902 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/montreal): 3,902 licensed cell sites mapped in Greater Montréal from federal ISED filings: 2,482 carry 5G (64%) and 809 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in Metro Vancouver: 5,003 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/vancouver): 5,003 licensed cell sites mapped in Metro Vancouver from federal ISED filings: 3,244 carry 5G (65%) and 602 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Calgary region: 1,260 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/calgary): 1,260 licensed cell sites mapped in the Calgary region from federal ISED filings: 943 carry 5G (75%) and 414 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Edmonton region: 1,414 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/edmonton): 1,414 licensed cell sites mapped in the Edmonton region from federal ISED filings: 1,102 carry 5G (78%) and 364 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in Ottawa–Gatineau: 1,266 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/ottawa): 1,266 licensed cell sites mapped in Ottawa–Gatineau from federal ISED filings: 886 carry 5G (70%) and 328 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Winnipeg region: 487 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/winnipeg): 487 licensed cell sites mapped in the Winnipeg region from federal ISED filings: 317 carry 5G (65%) and 212 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Québec City region: 671 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/quebec-city): 671 licensed cell sites mapped in the Québec City region from federal ISED filings: 444 carry 5G (66%) and 187 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Hamilton region: 515 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/hamilton): 515 licensed cell sites mapped in the Hamilton region from federal ISED filings: 381 carry 5G (74%) and 216 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in Kitchener–Waterloo–Cambridge: 331 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/kitchener-waterloo): 331 licensed cell sites mapped in Kitchener–Waterloo–Cambridge from federal ISED filings: 220 carry 5G (66%) and 132 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the London region: 274 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/london-ontario): 274 licensed cell sites mapped in the London region from federal ISED filings: 183 carry 5G (67%) and 110 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Halifax region: 833 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/halifax): 833 licensed cell sites mapped in the Halifax region from federal ISED filings: 243 carry 5G (29%) and 145 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in Greater Victoria: 1,043 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/victoria): 1,043 licensed cell sites mapped in Greater Victoria from federal ISED filings: 165 carry 5G (16%) and 55 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Saskatoon region: 131 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/saskatoon): 131 licensed cell sites mapped in the Saskatoon region from federal ISED filings: 117 carry 5G (89%) and 63 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Regina region: 134 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/regina): 134 licensed cell sites mapped in the Regina region from federal ISED filings: 110 carry 5G (82%) and 59 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the St. John's region: 316 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/st-johns): 316 licensed cell sites mapped in the St. John's region from federal ISED filings: 88 carry 5G (28%) and 50 look closest to 6G (our estimate).
- [5G and cell towers in the Windsor region: 279 licensed sites mapped](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/near-me/windsor): 279 licensed cell sites mapped in the Windsor region from federal ISED filings: 208 carry 5G (75%) and 79 look closest to 6G (our estimate).

## Research library

- [What will 6G unlock?](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research): 452 evidence-graded findings on what 6G could unlock, from health and brain interfaces to robots and smart cities. Each links to public sources.
- [Biodigital convergence](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/biodigital-convergence): Biodigital convergence and 6G: 51 evidence-graded findings, 9 real today, 24 designed and 18 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [Health 4.0](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/health): Health 4.0 and 6G: 32 evidence-graded findings, 18 real today, 9 designed and 5 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [Body networks & biosensing](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/body-networks): Body networks & biosensing and 6G: 38 evidence-graded findings, 21 real today, 11 designed, 2 forecast and 4 disputed. Each links to its public sources.
- [Brain–computer interfaces](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/brain-interfaces): Brain–computer interfaces and 6G: 39 evidence-graded findings, 27 real today, 6 designed, 5 forecast and 1 not supported. Each links to its public sources.
- [Augmented reality & XR](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/ar-xr): Augmented reality & XR and 6G: 24 evidence-graded findings, 12 real today, 6 designed and 6 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [Robots & autonomous systems](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/robots): Robots & autonomous systems and 6G: 44 evidence-graded findings, 11 real today, 14 designed and 19 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [Smart cities & sensing everywhere](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/smart-cities): Smart cities & sensing everywhere and 6G: 62 evidence-graded findings, 38 real today, 16 designed, 4 forecast and 4 disputed. Each links to public sources.
- [Digital twins & simulation](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/digital-twins): Digital twins & simulation and 6G: 34 evidence-graded findings, 21 real today, 9 designed and 4 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [AI-native networks](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/ai-networks): AI-native networks and 6G: 26 evidence-graded findings, 14 real today, 6 designed and 6 forecast. Every finding links to its public sources.
- [Rights, security & the evidence boundary](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/research/rights-and-limits): Rights, security & the evidence boundary and 6G: 102 evidence-graded findings, 16 real today, 22 designed, 6 forecast, 6 disputed and 52 not supported.

## More

- [Is 6G coming, and what does it mean for you?](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/): Is 6G coming, is it safe, and what’s near you? Evidence-graded answers for Canadians, with 23,397 licensed cell sites mapped in 17 cities.
- [Sabrina Wallace’s claims, checked against her own sources](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/claims-checked): 206 claims from Sabrina Wallace (Psinergy) checked against the documents she cites: 16 backed, 94 partly backed, 78 not shown.
- [A new generation roughly every ten years](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/history): Mobile generations launched about a decade apart: 1G in 1979, 2G in 1991, 3G in 2001, 4G in 2009 and 5G in 2019. On that rhythm, 6G lands around 2030.
- [Where the world is building 6G and smart places](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/world): Map of 504 public projects in 208 cities across 51 countries: 6G research, 5G, smart cities, digital twins and more, each sourced.
- [How we know what we say](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/sources): How Signal Atlas checks its evidence: 473 public sources, dated reviews, and labels that keep plans, forecasts and launches apart. Data downloads included.

## Data

- [snapshot.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/snapshot.json): Places, projects, milestones and sources behind the timeline, history and world map
- [research.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/research.json): 452 evidence-graded research findings with sources
- [claim-checks.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/claim-checks.json): 206 claims checked against the documents their author cites
- [how-6g.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/how-6g.json): Radio bands, glossary and timeline for the Is it safe? page
- [sites-index.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-index.json): Cell-site counts per city: all sites, 5G sites and sites closest to 6G (estimate)
- [sites-gta.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-gta.json): Every licensed cell site in Greater Toronto Area (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-mtl.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-mtl.json): Every licensed cell site in Greater Montréal (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-van.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-van.json): Every licensed cell site in Metro Vancouver (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-cgy.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-cgy.json): Every licensed cell site in Calgary region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-edm.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-edm.json): Every licensed cell site in Edmonton region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-ott.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-ott.json): Every licensed cell site in Ottawa–Gatineau (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-wpg.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-wpg.json): Every licensed cell site in Winnipeg region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-qc.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-qc.json): Every licensed cell site in Québec City region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-ham.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-ham.json): Every licensed cell site in Hamilton region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-kw.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-kw.json): Every licensed cell site in Kitchener–Waterloo–Cambridge (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-ldn.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-ldn.json): Every licensed cell site in London region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-hfx.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-hfx.json): Every licensed cell site in Halifax region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-vic.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-vic.json): Every licensed cell site in Greater Victoria (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-sas.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-sas.json): Every licensed cell site in Saskatoon region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-reg.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-reg.json): Every licensed cell site in Regina region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-stj.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-stj.json): Every licensed cell site in St. John's region (from ISED licence data)
- [sites-wsr.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sites-wsr.json): Every licensed cell site in Windsor region (from ISED licence data)
- [world.json](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/world.json): Worldwide 6G plans, places and projects
- [sources.csv](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/data/sources.csv): Every source as a spreadsheet

## Optional

- [llms-full.txt](https://signal-network-atlas.vercel.app/llms-full.txt): The plain answers and common questions of every page in one file